In the court sessions, he appeared a frail figure: typically wearing sunglasses, lying on a gurney, his jaw set. A life sentence in , on charges relating to the killing of hundreds of protesters, was overturned on appeal and a retrial was ordered. Insights into his personal corruption emerged. Mubarak was sentenced to three years imprisonment and his sons to four. In November , charges of inciting the killings and further corruption claims against Mubarak were dismissed by a judge on a legal technicality.
The reaction to the verdict was largely muted, although over a thousand anti-Mubarak protesters gathered near Tahrir Square. The protesters being swiftly dispersed arguably demonstrated the endurance of the repressive and increasingly authoritarian institutions that Mubarak had extended. When forceful protests erupted against him, some argued that the military sacrificed Mubarak, allowing military rule, hidden behind the scenes, to survive.
In death, Nasser and Sadat continue to haunt Egypt — their images remain publicly prevalent. Mubarak lacked the charisma and popularity of those leaders, but he far surpassed them in longevity. Some activists and analysts claim Mubarak will continue to be the spectral symbol of a frustrated revolution that not only attempted to topple him, but aimed for wider systemic reform, a struggle that continued years after his removal.
The security institutions and systems that Mubarak maintained — and which sacrificed him — have endured. Mubarak is survived by his wife, Suzanne, and his sons, Gamal and Alaa. Through interviews with correspondents on the ground, Al Jazeera tells the story of 18 days when history was made.
Four years after the uprising that toppled the longtime leader, what message is the verdict sending? By Patrick Keddie. Published On 25 Feb Between and , the U. He largely continued his predecessor Anwar Sadat's policies, including preserving the Camp David accords and diplomatic relations with Israel.
Human rights organizations for years criticized his harsh measures that included police brutality, arbitrary arrests, torture, lack of freedom of speech and assembly, and political censorship. Egypt underwent several tumultuous years after the Arab Spring revolts, with numerous terrorist attacks and a second presidential ouster in that saw the military push aside elected president and Muslim Brotherhood member Mohammed Morsi.
Morsi died in an Egyptian prison in Egypt's current president since is former army chief Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi. While praised by international financial bodies for liberalizing Egypt's economy and improving growth figures for the economy of 98 million people, many rights groups have called el-Sissi worse than Mubarak in terms of his treatment of human rights and civil liberties.
They point to the killing of thousands of opponents and the imprisonment of tens of thousands, including secular activists and Muslim Brotherhood supporters, and sweeping crackdowns on free speech. September 27, - Mubarak is sworn in for a fifth consecutive term after winning the first contested presidential election on September 7.
Rival Ayman Nour is the only member of parliament to remain seated during the ceremony, apparently to show his refusal to accept the official vote count. Eight people were killed on the last day of voting on December 7. The Muslim Brotherhood says it has won 12 seats, expanding its parliamentary bloc to 88, nearly a fifth of the seats and its strongest showing ever. November 19, - Mubarak says he will retain his responsibilities for the rest of his life.
June 4, - U. March 26, - Former U. ElBaradei has said he would consider a presidential bid if demands are met, including constitutional changes to limit power. March 27, - Mubarak returns to Egypt to reassume presidential powers after three weeks recovering from gallbladder surgery in Germany.
The group skirts a ban on religious parties by running independents.
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