The bolus injection results in a very high concentration of drug initially in the right chambers of the heart and then lungs. Then this high concentration reaches the systemic circulation. However, in this case, the peak concentration reached by the administered drug depends highly on the rate at which the drug is injected.
The i. Although for patient comfort veins of the forearms basal and middle cephalic veins or in the wrists cephalic accessory and medial antebrachial are the most common sites, IV administration can be performed in any superficial vein. In certain cases, it may be necessary to resort to a central IV route, which consists in a catheter located at the outlet of the superior vena cava right atrium. This is required when it is not possible to channel peripheral routes, for prolonged treatments or when hypertonic solutions must be administered.
Only aqueous solutions can be given suspensions are contraindicated as they can cause embolism. Nebulization requires the use of special devices, most commonly ultrasonic or jet nebulizer systems. Using the devices properly helps maximize the amount of drug delivered to the lungs. Drugs that are nebulized include tobramycin for cystic fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis CF Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease that causes certain glands to produce abnormally thick secretions, resulting in tissue and organ damage, especially in the lungs and the digestive tract Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death worldwide.
Often, pneumonia is the final Coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath that occur in response to specific triggers are Side effects can include those that occur when the drug is deposited directly in the lungs such as cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and lung irritation , spread of the drug into the environment possibly affecting people other than the one taking the drug , and contamination of the device used for nebulization particularly when the device is reused and inadequately cleaned.
Using the device properly helps prevent side effects. Drugs applied to the skin are usually used for their local effects and thus are most commonly used to treat superficial skin disorders, such as psoriasis Psoriasis Psoriasis is a chronic, recurring disease that causes one or more raised, red patches that have silvery scales and a distinct border between the patch and normal skin.
A problem with the immune Although many bacteria come in contact with or reside on the skin, they are normally unable to establish an infection Common fungal skin infections are caused by It is one of the most common reasons people see doctors who specialize in skin disorders dermatologists.
Itching makes people want to scratch. See also Itching. Normal skin owes its soft, pliable texture to its water content. To help protect against water loss, the outer layer of skin contains oil The drug is mixed with inactive substances. Depending on the consistency of the inactive substances, the formulation may be an ointment, cream, lotion, solution, powder, or gel see Topical Preparations Topical Preparations Topical drugs drugs applied directly to the skin are a mainstay of treating skin disorders.
Systemic drugs are taken by mouth or given by injection and are distributed throughout the body Some drugs are delivered bodywide through a patch on the skin. These drugs are sometimes mixed with a chemical such as alcohol that enhances penetration through the skin into the bloodstream without any injection.
Through a patch, the drug can be delivered slowly and continuously for many hours or days or even longer. As a result, levels of a drug in the blood can be kept relatively constant. Patches are particularly useful for drugs that are quickly eliminated from the body because such drugs, if taken in other forms, would have to be taken frequently. However, patches may irritate the skin of some people. In addition, patches are limited by how quickly the drug can penetrate the skin.
Only drugs to be given in relatively small daily doses can be given through patches. Examples of such drugs include nitroglycerin for chest pain , scopolamine for motion sickness , nicotine for smoking cessation , clonidine for high blood pressure , and fentanyl for pain relief.
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Learn more about our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Common Health Topics. Oral route. Injection routes. Sublingual and buccal routes.
Rectal route. This allows the medication to be absorbed quickly. Hydromorphone and morphine are both strong pain medications. Learn the specifics here. Deciding what type of central venous catheter you need for chemotherapy can be confusing.
Intravenous IV rehydration is a procedure used to treat moderate to severe cases of dehydration. Learn what this procedure involves. For small amounts of delicate drugs, a subcutaneous injection can be a convenient way of getting a medication into your body. Find out what exams and screenings are recommended for men at every stage of life, as well as tips on what to ask your doctor.
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Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Intravenous Medication Administration: What to Know. Medically reviewed by Debra Sullivan, Ph. What is intravenous medication? Uses of IV medications. About standard IV lines. Types of central venous catheters. Drugs typically given by IV. Possible side effects. Talk with your doctor. Read this next. What Are Intramuscular Injections?
Infusions require a drug to be stable in the specified diluent for the duration of administration. They also require the drug to be compatible with the plastic used to make the IV line and infusion bag.
The choice of intravenous administration method depends on the drug e. Common clinical problems Calculating the rate of administration of a drug e. Advising on the volume and type of infusion fluid suitable for diluting a drug e.
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