The commemoration will continue over the next two days with events spearheaded by External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj. These include a youth workshop on Gandhi, a special train ride with an engine and coaches bedecked with metres of khadi cloth brought in from India, and a banquet at which top politicians will speak at the local City Hall, which will be lit up in the colours of the Indian flag.
A white man had objected to Gandhi travelling in the first class coach in spite of the latter possessing a valid ticket. When Gandhi refused to move to the rear end of the train, he was thrown out.
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Salt March. Mahatma Gandhi. Indira Gandhi. He is not exactly a friend. I had met him barely three or four times before then, and that in connection with the campaign in order to explain the position to him. It was thus a stranger whom he took into his house. All the members of his family remained in constant attendance on me.
His son's room was put at my disposal, and the son himself slept on the floor in the library. While I was ill, Mr. Doke would not allow the slightest noise anywhere in the house. Even the children moved about very quietly.
Doke took the sanitary part of the duties on himself, while I looked helplessly on. Doke took on the work of bandaging me, of washing the bandages, etc. They would not allow me to do even what I could have well done myself. Both husband and wife sat up [at my bedside] through the first night.
They came into the room every now and again to see if I wanted anything. In the mornings Mr. Doke was busy receiving people who came to inquire after me. Every day nearly 50 Indians called. So long as he was in the house, he would take every Indian, whether he appeared clean or otherwise, into his drawing-room, offer him a seat and then bring him to me.
He would also gently remind everyone that I should not be disturbed much. This is how he looked after me. He did more than attend on me and attend to all those who came to see me.
He also did whatever he could about the difficulties of the community. Besides, he would call on Mr. Cartwright, Mr. Phillips and others, carry messages from me and do of his own accord whatever appeared necessary. It is small wonder that a nation which produces such men should march forward. And how can one say that a religion to which such gentle, kind-hearted and really noble persons belong is false in any way?
His only object in doing all this was to please God. He also, as was his wont, prayed nightly sitting by my bed. In his daily life, too, he always said grace before and after a meal.
His children were also made to take turns at reading from the Bible. I at any rate could see no selfish motive in him; in his conduct and in the education of the children, all that one could see was truth.
I saw no touch of insincerity in anything that he did; neither did I feel that anything was done to please others. It is not often we come across such single-mindedness and nobility in Hindu or Muslim priests and grihasthas [householders].
These are not common even in Englishmen. Some nations have more of these [qualities], others have less. Without entering into a discussion of that point, I would only pray that there might be hundreds of Indian families like Mr. On 15 October , Gandhi, Kasturba and 15 others left the Phoenix settlement for the Natal border with Transvaal, with 3, workers joining them en route. Police beat up, detained and killed many but they pressed on, making world headlines and forcing the government to look into their demands.
A wealthy architect, Hermann Kallenbach owned the 1,acre Tolstoy Farm, where Gandhi launched his first satyagraha in Influenced by Gandhi, he became a vegetarian and participated in experiments in cooperative living, diet and politics.
He went on to become a Zionist—politics that they disagreed on—but the respect remained. He visited Gandhi at Sevagram before moving to Israel, where he died in She drew much praise from Gandhi, his clients and fellow satyagrahis. She kept track of donations, edited Indian Opinion, visited satyagrahis in prison and was one of the trustees of Phoenix Settlement.
After Gandhi left South Africa, she went back to university, and in , became a high school Latin teacher—a position she held for 23 years. She died in Gandhi finally left South Africa after more than 20 years, and arrived in India in January , having been delayed by the outbreak of war in Europe. They had reached India before him and were staying at Santiniketan.
Be it dealing with Smuts in South Africa, the Kheda and Champaran satyagrahas, leading the Dandi March or a fast to secure the rights of mill workers, Gandhi knew how to yield before people were spent by hardship and the patience of the authorities wore thin. In Kheda, he gave in when he saw farmers wavering and a landowner presented a compromise. After experiments at Tolstoy Farm and Phoenix Settlement in South Africa, he set up his first Indian ashram in Kochrab in May , where he settled followers who had come with him to India.
However, the plague broke out two years later and the ashram was shifted to Sabarmati, from where he led the Dandi March in In , he moved to Wardha, set up Sevagram, and made it his headquarters. In Bihar, Gandhi and a team of volunteers that included Acharya J. Kripalani and Maulana Mazharul Haque, opened primary schools in six villages.
It was also among his early experiences of coming face to face with dire poverty. Tell Mahatmaji to get me another one and I shall bathe and put on clean clothes everyday. A close friend of both Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, C. Over time, he came to identify closely with the problems of Indians around the world, became a critic of imperialism, and wrote prolifically on the problems faced by Indian indentured labourers.
He died in in Kolkata. After returning to India in January , Gandhi and Kasturba spent close to a year taking the train around India and Burma, third-class all the way, as he wanted to reacquaint himself with people. The two had differences of opinion—Birla being a pragmatic businessman and Gandhi an avowed dissenter—but were close and Birla played the role of an unofficial emissary between Gandhi and the British.
Birla supported Gandhi for over three decades, and was the founding president of the Harijan Sevak Sangh. Gandhi addressed a meeting in a mill in Bombay and lit a massive bonfire of foreign-made cloth. But what was to be a peaceful meeting ended in riots with 59 dead. In , Gandhi was arrested in India for the first time for sedition over three articles he wrote in Young India, and was released in At the Belgaum Congress session, he was elected party president and served for a year.
Under him, civil disobedience intensified, he led the boycott of the Simon Commission, demanded restitution for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and an apology for the Khilafat movement. He also founded Gujarat Vidyapith at Ahmedabad. After the Salt Satyagraha of , Gandhi and over , others were jailed, and released a year later. He also met the mill workers of Lancashire.
In , he announced his decision to retire from politics and resigned from the Congress to focus on the development of village industries, Harijan service and vocational and skill-based education, and moved to Sevagram. Despite his announcement, he continued to meet British and Indian leaders, and go on fasts to draw attention to rights abuses. He was in and out of prison throughout the s, and toured Orissa on foot, talking of the need to abolish untouchability. Tolstoy confirmed that passive resistance was crucial not just for Indians but for the world.
Industrialist and textile merchant Ambalal Sarabhai supported Gandhi financially on his return from South Africa. Most Congress leaders were arrested, and jailed till the end of the war. Strikes continued and thousands were jailed. Desai and his wife Durgabehn joined Gandhi in , and worked closely with him, translating his work and doing every task Gandhi asked him to.
In , Kasturba also had a heart attack and died in the palace.
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